These scholars place the emergency of Brazil while independent nation in the context of the ticket of the mercantile capitalism for the industrial capitalism in the Europe, and the consequent occured changes in international the economic system; the British interests in Portugal and Brazil still stand out, which had been wide satisfied, being taken the effect for the opening of the ports of Brazil, in 1808 and with the Treated Anglian-Brazilian in 1810. Maxwell detaches that the paid price for independence for Portugal and Brazil to the Britain Supreme was of certain form to sacrifice, to open hand of its economic perspectives, yielding to the British commercial pressure, also in the question of the traffic of slaves. Citing Sidney Minz it affirms that the industrial revolution in England and the states northeast of the North America helped to revive the escravismo in Americas, which was financed for traders of Rio De Janeiro and the Bahia, but also for traders of New York, London and Liverpool. The author concludes the second part of the text mentioning the argument of Nathaniel Leff that he indicates that the main reason of the low taxes of economic growth of Brazil during century XIX was the agricultural sector, where the low incomes and the relative demand to the enslaved work, restricted the rhythm of the growth of the remaining portion of the economy, what, according to Maxwell, he was what warned Jose Bonifcio de Andrada and Silva its contemporaries, soon at the beginning of process of the independence of Brazil how much to the negative effect of the maintenance of the slavery in the long run. In the third part of the chapter, the author approaches aspects characteristic of the international context where if he uncurled independence, detaching the person of D.

Peter and the controverted opinions of the Portuguese historiografia and the Brazilian historiografia its respect. For the author, when it, in day 7 of September of 1822, to the edges of the Ipiranga, cried out ' ' Independence or morte' ' , it was exaggerating, therefore the question at the time was not certainly ' morte' , but only indirectly ' independncia'. It declares despite the important question regarding Brazil is that it became economic and politically independent between 1808 and 1820, while played the role of center of the Empire Luso-Brazilian. Maxwell locks up the third part of the article citing a stretch of the manifesto of the Port promulgated for rebels of a city of the Europe and not for rebels of some colonial port of America, caused, over all for the dissatisfaction of Portuguese who live in the Metropolis. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: INDEPENDENCE; DESCOLONIZAO; COLONY.

Marx, in London, despaired itself to see the inertia of parisienses, while Thiers organized a wall of the large-scale city. The Commune opened the doors dammed of the imaginary one of social reform. It had of everything, utopia the vanguardistas ideas: the Union you give Femmes supported the war effort serving in the hospitals, canteens and barricades. The legislation, for the first time in history, adopts the beginning of equal payment for equal work. Most radical they defend the abolition of the marriage and the free love. The payment of rents was suspended, and the Federacy of the Artists of Paris demanded artistic liberty of speech and reform of education. From 15/04 the Commune has proper currency; for some curious reason, a writing of the edge has the phrase ' ' Dieu protects France' there; ' (God protects France) The forces of Thiers attack the city since day 19 and advance slowly; the bombing is constant.

The Commune has more violent internal divisions each time; Louis Rossel speaks of the furgncia to create a military command that centers the resistance, without success. It has riots it disciplines and it decays significantly. In 29/04 an enormous walk with 15.000 maons tried to negotiate a truce, without success. Maons was in an ambiguous situation in this conflict: 15 commission agents of the Commune were maons, and current ideas at the time associated the International with the masonry; at the same time significant part of the government of Versailles was formed for maons. In 30/04 the fort of Issy is recouped by communards; the Garde Nationale calculates that it mobilized 160,000 soldiers more than. The international press presents the Commune under the worse possible colors; to English periodicals they do not pass of a flock of assassins. New York Times fears that the revolt is imitated in other places.